The Alliance Between Renault Nissan Marketing Essay

The Alliance Between Renault Nissan Marketing Essay In the age of globalisation companies are trying to cope with consequences of this historical process. Scholars in this field have noticed that companies could either merge or conclude an alliance to cope with globalisation. The scholars, however, differ among themselves as to which is better, alliance or merger. By being global a firm would have a better chance to enter a new market, and increase both its global market share and global competitive advantage (Shenkar,2008,p.303,332). The two processes differ in terms of their meanings and the reasons for choosing one of them rather than the other. International mergers are when two firms from different countries, and have their own capabilities, agree to integrate in order to create a stronger core competency in the global market (Shenakr2008:303). However, strategic alliances are contracts between two parties from different countries, when they agree to cooperate in order to do a particular task(Charles, international Business, p.411).This shared task cant be realised and create a value unless the two parties work together(Andrew, Strategic alliances, P.404).(I can delete this phrase) In the case of Renault-Nissan, it is preferable to have an alliance than merger for many reasons. Charles Hill (int. business:412) claims that Alliances, would facilitate more than mergers the entrance for companies to new geographical phases where there are some restrictions on foreign investments. (Comprehensive cases,p. 312)the two companies had their own capabilities in their own market. Renault for instance, already existed in Europe and North America, and was well-known for its design and marketing. At the same time Nissan was the powerhouse engineering in Japan, Europe and North America. Therefore, there was a good chance for Renault to Enter the Japanese market where there are many barriers from the Japanese government. Synergy however, is vital for alliance. According to Shenkar( 2008: 333) alliance would be more rational when the two firms look for further synergy in their financial, technological aims. He adds, this alliance would provide the two parties with complementary resources and capabilities(HSenkar, 2008). This synergy between two companies was the key element for choosing Nissan-Renault alliance. According to Chosn, the manager of the alliance: we said from the beginning that we were not looking for a merger, but rather to get greater value from synergy between the two companies (Emerson, the interview). According to Chosn, the reason for choosing alliance rather then merger was that both companies were looking for turnaround. Although alliance was more risky than merger, yet they chose it because they thought it would give them more opportunities to develop.(Emerson, the interview). However, despite the advantages Nissan-Renault gained from the alliance, they faced challenges. One of the challenges is whether the alliance would lead to an increase or decrease in the price share (Ernst Halvey, When, p. 48).This was a real challenge for Nissan, whose share price fell when it entered the alliance.(Comprehensive cases). Furthermore, the two companies had a challenge of cross-culture problems. However, with their ability to focus on the work objective they were able to succeed. 508 Renault before and after alliance The alliance between Renault Nissan, as indicated by the results in March 2004, was an outstanding paradigm of a successful alliance around the world. However, before 1999, the prospective of forming an alliance between these two firms was not such rosy. From Renaults point of view, various factors were strengthening the former opinion. Firstly, (Morosini P. Dec 2004) Renault was recovering during 1996 and 1998-9 turning losses of US$680 million into combined profits of US$1.65 billion. Moreover, the failure to merge with Volvo in 1995 had left its mark on the company and any further attempts to a new alliance were confronted distrustfully. In addition, the fact that both firms were playing a dominant role in the auto industry of their countries was indicating that a potential alliance was going to collapse in a decision-making stalemate. Nevertheless, the supporters of the latter argument were gainsaid. The mutual benefits that they were going to absorb from the alliance laid aside the potential problems and both parties focused on the success of the alliance. This was a crucial challenge, which they managed to handle by learning to trust each other, be truthful and honest during the negotiations. Additionally, (Bartlett C., Ghoshal S., Beamish P., 2008) by forming joint study teams, in order to test their companies ability to work cooperatively, they minimized the cultural stereotypes and set the base for exploiting joint synergies. The two companies were so complementary in terms of geography, product ranges and personality that inevitably the future was foreboding promising. Besides, this process gave Renault an advantage over competitive suitors such as Ford and DaimlerChrysler, which focused only on finding synergies on past and current advantages rather than on a prospective productive future. On this basis, Renault, through the alliance with Nissan, achieved to gain international structure which enabled it to deal successfully with the changes which were taking place on the world automobile stage. Thereby, Global synergies and the expansion of its production to foreign , until then, markets like Japan, North America and Asia enhanced its potential and made it a countable member in the auto industry. 357 Nissan before and after alliance Nissans history starts from the early of 1933. Nissan is a Japanese automobile manufacturer which achieves, through the years to have strong market presence in Asia and US. Except for the fact that Nissan was a highly emblematic symbol of Japans industrial strength, had also a number of strong points such as technological and engineering competence, and also was good at making large cars. In late March 1999 Nissan and Renault sign an agreement for a Global Alliance. Aim for this agreement was to provide an advantage and achieve profitable growth in both companies. However, Nissan was nearly bankrupt and faced significant debt problem when the alliance formed. One of the major reasons for this debt and financial difficulty was the fact that Nissan invested a lot of money in different companies and this has a result, Nissan not be in position to invest money in the company and its products (Ghosn, 2002). Therefore the company for a long time did not have any profit and this made the debt for Nissan in 1999 to reach the US $22 billion. Furthermore, during the same year (1999), the domestic market share had fallen from 17.4% to 13%. Have in mind this and after that Daimler Chrysler and Ford refused the idea of a partnership and broken of the alliance talk with Nissan, the company resorted to the strategic alliance with Renault, where both companies had clear idea of what they wanted. The alliance was vital for the two companies as Nissan needed Renaults cash in order to reduce its debt problem and Renault wanted to learn from Nissans success in US and Asia which was essential for the expansion in its market. During the period of social initiation process, of six months, many advantages arose over competitors as they carried out static analytical evaluations and they focused on finding collaborations based on their past and current strengths rather than on jointly future. In order to accomplish this, Nissan had change significantly to redeem its profitability and competiveness. First Nissan quit the investments in other companies, in other words the keiretsu which is a Japanese traditional rule that requires all the companies in Japan to have long-term purchasing relationship, intense collaboration and frequent exchange of personnel and technology between companies and selected suppliers (Okamura, 2005). The personal management also had changed and whereas Nissan in the past appraised their employees based on the period that they were working for the company, now they changed the criteria of evaluation by looking on the performance of each employee. Further they set up a common language i.e. English and they have created nine Cross-functional teams. By the implementation of the above changes, Nissan manage to cut down in purchasing cost, to reduce suppliers, to close overlapping outlets and plants and finally to reduce the work force. Through the alliance of Nissan and Renault, the benefits that arose were obvious and determinant. Transparent benchmarking allows two culturally diverse companies to share best practises and also the common platform and shared purchasing strategy had delivered huge cost of savings. Noticeable is the fact that in order to preserver corporate identities they decide to remain as separate managements, separate brands and separate companies while every decision was affecting both brands. The operation recommendation which arise from this alliance case provide valuable elements on how two companies, that are in the same situation like Renault and Nissan which show strength in different competence and regions of the world (Nissan had strong presence in Asia and US while Renault had presence in Europe), can approach the growing and competitive auto manufacturing global market. Therefore the success of this alliance is also interrelated with the synergy among the two companies and the framework of equality help the transfer of knowledge between foreign engineering teams. Finally Nissan successfully achieve to jump from seventh most valuable automobile company in the world to the fourth. 656 Structure of Alliances The aim of this section is to study structure of the alliances between Renault Nissan and advice about the best possible structure in futures alliances. Strategic alliances are said to be a source of competitive advantage. However there is a growing concern over their failure rates. One of the major causes is the inability to implement the appropriate governance structure and management control systems in the newly formed association (Smith, 2008). According to the study most of the companies form an alliance management team which manage across the organisation using Cross-Company Teams, Cross functional teams, Steering Committees and Alliance Board. By observation, Renaults was interested in creating respect between two alliance partners and respectively followed an Andean civilization approach to work together for six months before forming an alliance. (Donnelly, Morris Donnelly, 2005). The social initiation process provided Renault Nissan an advantage over its competitors such as Daimler Chrysler. The later company did not experiment social collaboration to develop the ability of sharing knowledge and building trust (Deresky, 2008). Therefore the structure in Renault Nissan was the result of, what the companies experienced during the social initiation stage. They formed a new board having 5 members each from the host companies. Further to speed the integration and improve communication process they created Nine Cross-functional teams (CFT) and 11 Cross-company teams (CCT) (Donnelly, Morris Donnelly, 2005: 434). More importantly, these teams had a Chair person from Renault, Vice Chair person from Nissan or vice-versa. Moreo ver the CFT was limited to 10 members from different departments such as purchasing, manufacturing which ensured progress between these departments (Donnelly, Morris Donnelly, 2005). As a result the alliance was able to launch 22 new car models in the next three years and increase the manufacturing capacity in Japan. Moreover the CCT created efficient synergies. One of the examples of amalgamation process was in Mexico. Renault had left the market in 1986 and Nissan was facing overcapacity in1999. So alliance decided to put the managers from both the companies together and recognise synergy opportunity. In just five months Renault cars were being manufactured out of Nissan plants and the capacity utilisation of the plant increased from 56% to nearly 100%. In summary cross-company teams allowed Renault- Nissan to first go through a social initiation experience and then move into a formal framework of collaboration and knowledge exchange (Deresky, 2008: 318). Similarly cross functional teams enhanced the process of integration. Cooperative Operation In this part of report, we will discuss how close collaboration between two companies in operational level has resulted in synergy. The main sources of data in this part are Renault and Nissan official websites. Supply chain management is one of the areas of key concern for global car manufacturers (John Gattorna). Major players in Car Industry are looking for revolutionary methods of management of their suppliers. In Renault-Nissan case, RNPO or Renault Nissan Purchasing Organization is a unique joint organization responsible for integrating purchasing Strategy. As we will describe in next paragraph, as a result of mutual engineering efforts, Renault and Nissan cars can share components. This fact allows the alliance to combine their purchasing orders. Therefore, not only the cost of order has reduced but RNPO defines worldwide purchasing strategy and now it is accountable for full purchase of Nissan and Renault. (www.renault.com) Another area for mutual cooperation between two companies is engineering which could be a lesson for other car manufacturers to reach economic of scale and scope. The key difference in Renault-Nissan case is concentrating on designing and producing components of car jointly instead of developing whole car from scratch. The alliance achieves economic of scale by producing in larger scales and economic of scope by manufacturing components which are compatible for different models of both brands. Moreover, one of top priorities of MNC is to find a way to reduce RD cost as well invest in new technologies with lower cost. For instance, according to Renault website, the alliance helps two companies to invest in advance technology like hybrid vehicles. In conclusion firms should successfully integrate their complimentary competencies to standardize their purchase orders and components manufacturing. Therefore they can reduce their cost and achieve greater outcomes. The role of Corporate and National Culture Corporate culture is the combined beliefs, values, ethics, procedures, and atmosphere of an organization ().One of the important issues raised in the Nissan Renault alliance is the management of two different cultures. While Renault strategy was liked western strategic orientation and Nissan was under the influence of corporate and national culture (Culpan.R,2002). Accordingly, the collective share of ideas and strategic management were effective and the employees of both companies could understand each other culture background, subsequently respect the identities of their colleagues as well as their values. Thus, Ghosn put cross- culture training programs for over 1500 employees from Renault to learn about the Japanese culture and 400 Nissan employees study the French culture (pooley, 2005).it was a first positive step in terms of creating a successful alliance of two different cultures. After presenting the French and Japanese culture, it was significant to understand their differ ences and how certain Hofstedes cultural theories (clenc, 2000) applicable to the case of Nissan and Renault. Japanese societies are well-known to be more collectivist and in opposite, French societies are based on individualistic efforts from employees. As the decision making process in Nissan was working the percept of groupthink, mostly the people who thought alike. Moreover, Nissan had a problem in terms of excess capacity that was based on an unofficial contract that existed between Japanese auto companies and their employees. Ghosn closed five factories and cutting some 21,000 jobs to broke this custom. He also took on the close network of relationships between auto companies and their suppliers, relationships denoted by a specific Japanese word, keiretsu (). An also after this situation as he employed new engineers in to the Nissan organisation, he decided to put English as formal language for company to deal with diversity of language spoken. In addition, in the Japanese cul ture, is not possible for a young employee to be manager for a colleague who is older in terms of age and seniority. However, the ECOs new system of promotion to begin restructuring the management process in company, was based on performance and efficiency, not employees age. As a result, the Renault-Nissan alliance has been hugely successful. There is broad acknowledgement by many at senior levels inside both companies that much credit for this must be given to their conscious effort to build cross-cultural understanding from the start. 396 Recommendations The success of alliance between Renault and Nissan proves that alliances can be a successful approach to expand globally. Therefore, we believe as a group that there are recommendations which could be taken into consideration, by any other car companies thinking to form a successful alliance to enter new markets. When two firms come to a decision of entering an alliance they should be aware of variations in cultures, languages and mentalities. This can be realised by understanding these differences and focussing more on the shared goals and objectives. In terms of operations, Renault Nissan can be used by other car companies in different ways. In supply chain management a similar organisation like RNPO can be established by other alliances to unify their purchasing orders and therefore reducing the cost of orders. In engineering we suggest for future alliances to focus on producing car components jointly instead of designing new cars entirely which failed in similar cases. By implementing the above strategies, the costs of RD can be reduced and higher output can be achieved by using shared resources. It is obvious from the case effective cross-culture management was one of the important key successes for the company. Thus, when two different companies spouse to work with each other in especial strategic alliance, creating a situation for managers and employees to learn about each other culture could be significant. Another step for developing corporate culture in this kind of alliances is making one formal language for employees to deal with diversity of spoken language. Moreover, determining shared values, knowledge and individual needs is important to create opportunities for future alliances. This can be achieved by following a social program similar to social initiation process of Renault-Nissan. Zaara Culpan. R, (2002) Global business alliances: theory and practice, Greenwood Publishing Group: United State America Pooley. J, (2005) The model alliance of Renault and Nissan: How to work successfully with overseas partners, Emerald Group Publishing Limited: Emerald Group Publishing Limited http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do?contentType=ArticlehdAction=lnkpdfcontentId=1463638 Reference: Anu Kale, P., Dyer, J. Singh, H. (2001) Value Creation and Success in Strategic Alliances: Alliancing Skills and the Role of Alliance Structure and Systems. European Management Journal [Online], 19(5): 463 471. Smith, K. (2008) The relations between transactional characteristics, trust and risk in the start-up phase of a collaborative alliance. Management Accounting Research [Online], 19: 344 364. Deresky, H. (2007) International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures (6th Edition). New Jersey.Prentice Hall. pp. 312 319 Reference sophia Okamura, A. (2005). Beyond the Keiretsu. Article retrieved on November 2nd, 2006, from http://www.utofieldguide.com/articles/article_print1.cfm Ghosn, C. (2002). Saving the Business Without Losing the Company. Harvard Business Review. References marios: Bartlett C., Ghoshal S., Bearmish P., (2008), Transnational Management: Text, cases, and readings in Cross-Border Management, Fifth edition, New York, McGraw-Hill International Edition. Douin G., (5th April, 2002), Behind the scenes of the Renault-Nissan alliance, l Ecole de Paris, p.1-10. Morosini P., (Dec, 2004), Nurturing Successful Alliances Across Boundaries: Lessons from the Renault Nissan Case.

Impact of a Data Classification Standard: User Domain

This Domain defines the users who have access to an organization’s information system. The user domain can be configured to internal use only and only the IT Department can grant access privilege for Remote Access Point. An Acceptable use policy (AUP) will be enforced in this domain to define what each user can and cannot do with any company data he or she has access to. Every user in the organization is responsible for the security of the environment. Workstation Domain In a workstation domain all users connect to the IT infrastructure.Richman Investments provide very secure access for the employee workstation with a username and password in order for the user to log into the machine. Security protocol requires the password to be change every 30 days. Regular updates and continuous antivirus protection are maintained on all company computers. In addition, no personal devices are allowed on the network. LAN Domain Local Area Network domains connect computers, printers, and ser vers to each other physically through a wire or wireless connection. This domain includes data closets, physical elements of the LAN, and logical elements designated by authorized personnel.It can access company-wide systems, application, and data from anywhere with the LAN. A LAN domain requires strong security and access controls, since the biggest threat to this domain is un-authorized access to anything on the network. To require strict security protocols we can disable all external access ports for the workstations. Doing this will prevent any user within the company from bringing an external jump drive, and connection it to the workstations. Also this will help us control company intellectual property, and prevent viruses on the LAN network.

Essay on Feminism - 937 Words

Feminism: Belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes. As we look back in history women and men were never thought of as equal. When put up next to the strong, dominant male, females were often thought of as lower and not nearly as important. Even now though, as we enter into the twenty-first century, with all kinds of women’s rights and the thought that Hilary Clinton might just become the first women’s president, I have to say that I am probably one of the few women that are actually not in favor of it. During the 1950’s women did not work nor did they in any way contribute to the success of the United States. Men preformed all the dirty work and because of them being physically and mentally more able to handle†¦show more content†¦Women even have a whole different neurological makeup in their system just to enfisize the fact that we are emotionally unstable compared to men. We go through much more emotional highs and lows when compared on a chart to men. Women were meant to have more emotions than men however and were made to typically get more emotional and more dramatic at times. With men being physically stronger than women I am all for them being the ones with the jobs, especially jobs such as: a policeman, a fireman, a construction worker, etc. Bringing in the income is what the men always did and what they still should do today, regardless if his wife works as well. Women can’t lift as heavy of objects as men nor be able to handle a 6’2’’ man when he grabs you around the arms and is so much stronger than you that you cant get away. Exactly the reason women were meant to stay home in the house. Men were also meant to be the protector of the women. With their strong physic, why would this be any other way? Why is there a phrase â€Å"man of the house† and not â€Å"woman of the house?† It’s simple really. Men are stronger mentally and physically and are more capable of running the household. 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The Importance Of Pulmonary Rehabilitation Within Ild...

The body is composed of various systems that work together to maintain a homeostatic environment. The respiratory system and cardiovascular system in specific, are responsible for distributing respiratory gases throughout the body in attempt to maintain acid-base balance levels between the optimal range of 7.35 and 7.45. Exercise imposes physiological strains on the body such as oxygen depletion and increase carbon dioxide concentrations, which alter the pH balance. This homeostatic change stimulates various responses within these two systems to neutralize its effects. Exercise training however, can positively influence the capacity of cardiovascular and respiratory systems to tolerate increasing levels of intensity with less physiological effort thus improving their efficiency. Inflammatory conditions such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD) and Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) are shown to stifle efficient pulmonary ventilation and detriment one’s ability to cop e with exercise. Although evidence supporting the benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation within ILD patients is limited, functional capacity and psychological wellbeing have been shown to improve immediately following the rehabilitative programs. Pulmonary rehabilitative programs are based on the pulmonary and circulatory improvements associated with exercise to help such discomforting conditions and guide further research. The respiratory system contributes to homeostasis by managing the gaseous